Top 25 Plastic And Reconstructive Surgeons Across the US
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What is a Plastic Surgeon?
Learn about this specialty, training requirements, and when to schedule a visit.
A plastic surgeon is a physician who specializes in reconstructive and aesthetic surgery to restore form and function to the body. These surgical specialists address congenital deformities, traumatic injuries, burn reconstruction, cancer-related tissue defects, and cosmetic concerns. Plastic surgeons are trained in microsurgery, tissue transfer techniques, wound healing, and both surgical and non-surgical aesthetic procedures. The field encompasses the entire body, from craniofacial reconstruction to hand surgery and breast reconstruction.
Training and Qualifications
Becoming a plastic surgeon requires extensive education and training:
- 4 years of medical school to earn an MD or DO degree
- 3-5 years of general surgery residency or 6-year integrated plastic surgery residency
- 2-3 years of plastic surgery residency for traditional pathway
- Total of 13-16 years of education and training beyond high school
- Optional 1-2 year fellowships in subspecialties like hand surgery, craniofacial surgery, microsurgery, or aesthetic surgery
Board Certification: American Board of Plastic Surgery (ABPS). Certification requires passing rigorous written and oral examinations after completing an accredited residency. The ABPS is the only board recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties for plastic surgery certification. Subspecialty certification available in hand surgery.
When Should You See a Plastic Surgeon?
You should consider seeing a plastic surgeon if:
- You need breast reconstruction after mastectomy or breast cancer treatment
- You have sustained burn injuries requiring reconstruction
- You have hand injuries, carpal tunnel syndrome, or congenital hand deformities
- You have facial injuries or deformities requiring reconstruction
- You have excess skin after significant weight loss
- You are considering cosmetic procedures such as breast augmentation, rhinoplasty, or facelift
- You have a congenital condition like cleft lip/palate requiring surgical correction
- You need skin cancer reconstruction after Mohs surgery
Key Facts
Common Conditions Treated
Plastic Surgeons are trained to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions. Here are some of the most common conditions that plastic surgeons help patients manage.
Breast Reconstruction
Surgical restoration of breast shape and appearance after mastectomy, lumpectomy, or congenital breast abnormalities using implants, tissue flaps, or combination techniques.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Plastic surgeons offer multiple reconstruction options including implant-based reconstruction, autologous tissue transfer (DIEP flap, TRAM flap, latissimus dorsi flap), nipple reconstruction, and revision procedures to achieve natural-appearing results.
Hand Surgery and Reconstruction
Surgical treatment of injuries, diseases, and congenital conditions affecting the hand, wrist, and forearm, including nerve repair, tendon surgery, and fracture management.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Plastic surgeons with hand surgery training perform carpal tunnel release, tendon repairs, nerve decompressions, fracture fixation, and reconstructive procedures to restore hand function and appearance.
Burn Reconstruction
Surgical restoration of form and function for patients with burn injuries, including acute burn care, skin grafting, scar revision, and contracture release.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Plastic surgeons provide comprehensive burn care from initial wound management through long-term reconstruction, using skin grafts, tissue expansion, flap reconstruction, and laser treatments to optimize healing and function.
Facial Reconstruction
Surgical repair of facial deformities from trauma, cancer resection, congenital conditions, or previous surgery to restore appearance and function.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Plastic surgeons perform complex facial reconstruction using local flaps, free tissue transfer, bone grafting, and microsurgical techniques to restore facial aesthetics and functions like eating, breathing, and expression.
Body Contouring After Weight Loss
Surgical procedures to remove excess skin and reshape the body after significant weight loss from bariatric surgery or lifestyle changes.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Plastic surgeons perform body contouring procedures including panniculectomy, abdominoplasty, brachioplasty (arm lift), thigh lift, and body lift to remove excess tissue, improve contour, and enhance quality of life.
Aesthetic/Cosmetic Surgery
Elective surgical procedures to enhance appearance including facial rejuvenation, breast enhancement, and body sculpting procedures.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Plastic surgeons perform cosmetic procedures including rhinoplasty, facelift, blepharoplasty, breast augmentation, liposuction, and body contouring to help patients achieve their aesthetic goals safely and effectively.
Skin Cancer Reconstruction
Surgical reconstruction following removal of skin cancers, particularly after Mohs micrographic surgery for complex or sensitive areas.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Plastic surgeons work with dermatologists and Mohs surgeons to reconstruct defects using local flaps, skin grafts, and tissue rearrangement techniques to achieve optimal functional and aesthetic outcomes.
Microsurgery and Free Tissue Transfer
Advanced surgical technique using microscopes to reconnect tiny blood vessels and nerves, enabling transfer of tissue from one body area to another.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Plastic surgeons trained in microsurgery perform free flap procedures, replantation of severed digits or limbs, lymph node transfer for lymphedema, and complex reconstructions requiring precise vascular anastomosis.
Important Note
This list represents common conditions but is not exhaustive. Plastic Surgeons treat many other conditions related to their specialty. If you're experiencing symptoms or have concerns, consult with a qualified plastic surgeon for a proper evaluation.
What to Expect During Your Visit
Understanding what happens during your appointment can help you feel more prepared. Here's what you can typically expect when visiting a plastic surgeon.
Your First Visit
- Comprehensive medical history review including previous surgeries, medications, and allergies
- Discussion of your concerns, goals, and expectations for surgery
- Physical examination of the area of concern with measurements and documentation
- Review of photographs if applicable, including before photos for planning
- Discussion of available treatment options with risks and benefits of each
- Computer imaging or simulations for certain cosmetic procedures
- Initial consultation typically lasts 30-60 minutes
Diagnosis & Testing
- Physical examination to assess tissue quality, scarring, and anatomical considerations
- Photography for medical records and surgical planning
- Mammogram or breast imaging for breast surgery patients
- Laboratory tests including complete blood count and metabolic panel
- CT scan or MRI for complex reconstructive cases
- Nerve conduction studies for hand surgery patients when indicated
- Medical clearance from primary care physician for patients with health conditions
Treatment Options
- Pre-operative instructions including medications to avoid and fasting requirements
- Surgery performed under appropriate anesthesia (local, sedation, or general)
- Post-operative monitoring in recovery area before discharge
- Detailed wound care instructions and activity restrictions
- Prescription medications for pain control and infection prevention
- Scheduled follow-up visits to monitor healing, typically at 1 week, 2 weeks, and 6 weeks
- Long-term follow-up for reconstructive patients to assess outcomes and plan revisions if needed
Tip for Your Visit
Bring a list of current medications, previous test results, and questions you want to ask. Writing down your symptoms—when they occur and what affects them—helps your plastic surgeon provide accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.
How to Choose the Right Plastic Surgeon
Finding the right healthcare provider is important for your health and peace of mind. Here are key factors to consider when selecting a plastic surgeon.
Credentials to Verify
- Board certification by the American Board of Plastic Surgery (ABPS)
- Completion of an ACGME-accredited plastic surgery residency
- Active, unrestricted medical license in your state
- Fellowship training if specialized expertise is needed (hand surgery, craniofacial, microsurgery)
- Hospital privileges at accredited facilities
- Membership in American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS)
Important Considerations
- Experience with your specific procedure - ask about case volume and outcomes
- Before and after photographs of previous patients with similar concerns
- Hospital or surgery center accreditation and safety records
- Patient reviews and testimonials
- Communication style and willingness to thoroughly answer questions
- Transparent discussion of risks, realistic expectations, and potential complications
- Office and surgical facility accreditation standards
Quick Tip
Don't hesitate to schedule consultations with multiple plastic surgeons before making your decision. The right fit isn't just about credentials—it's also about feeling comfortable and confident in your care.
Cost and Insurance Information
Understanding the costs associated with seeing a plastic surgeon can help you plan for your healthcare needs.
Average Costs (Without Insurance)
Initial Visit
$100-$300 (consultation fee may be waived for reconstructive cases)
Follow-up Visit
$75-$200
Common Procedures
Note: These are estimated average costs and can vary based on location, provider, and specific services required.
Insurance Coverage
- Reconstructive procedures are typically covered by health insurance when medically necessary
- The Women's Health and Cancer Rights Act mandates coverage for breast reconstruction after mastectomy
- Hand surgery for carpal tunnel, injuries, and functional problems is generally covered
- Cosmetic procedures are not covered by insurance and require out-of-pocket payment
- Pre-authorization is often required for reconstructive procedures
- Some procedures may require documentation of medical necessity or failed conservative treatment
Medicare Information
Medicare Part B covers medically necessary reconstructive plastic surgery including breast reconstruction after mastectomy, hand surgery for functional problems, and reconstruction after cancer removal. Medicare does not cover cosmetic surgery performed solely for appearance. Coverage is at 80% of the approved amount after the deductible.
Money-Saving Tips
- 1Always verify your plastic surgeon is in-network before scheduling
- 2Ask about self-pay discounts if you don't have insurance
- 3Inquire about payment plans for expensive procedures
- 4Get prior authorization when required to avoid claim denials
- 5Use FSA or HSA funds for eligible medical expenses
Questions to Ask Your Plastic Surgeon
Being prepared for your appointment helps you get the most out of your time with your doctor. Here are important questions to consider asking a plastic surgeon.
Are you board certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery?
How many times have you performed this specific procedure?
Can I see before and after photos of your patients who had similar procedures?
What are the specific risks and potential complications for my procedure?
Where will the surgery be performed and is the facility accredited?
What is the expected recovery timeline and when can I return to work?
What type of anesthesia will be used and who will administer it?
What are my options if I'm not satisfied with the results?
What is the total cost including surgeon fees, facility fees, and anesthesia?
How do you handle complications if they occur?
Pro Tip
Write down your questions before your appointment and bring them with you. Don't hesitate to take notes during your visit or ask for written instructions.
When to Seek Emergency Care
Know when symptoms require immediate attention versus a scheduled appointment.
While most conditions can wait for a scheduled appointment with a plastic surgeon, certain symptoms require immediate emergency care. Go to the emergency room or call 911 if you experience:
- Signs of infection: fever over 101F, increasing redness, warmth, or pus drainage from incision site
- Severe uncontrolled pain not relieved by prescribed medications
- Signs of blood clot: sudden swelling, pain, or discoloration in leg
- Difficulty breathing or chest pain following surgery - may indicate pulmonary embolism
- Sudden breast implant changes: hardening, severe pain, or shape distortion - may indicate capsular contracture or implant rupture
- Signs of flap failure after reconstructive surgery: flap turning blue, cold, or hard
- Excessive bleeding or hematoma formation at surgical site
EMERGENCY
Call 911 or nearest ER
URGENT
Doctor or urgent care
NON-URGENT
Regular appointment
Plastic Surgeon vs. Other Specialists
Understanding the differences between medical specialists helps you choose the right provider for your needs.
Plastic Surgeon vs. Dermatologist
Dermatologists specialize in medical and surgical treatment of skin conditions including skin cancer, acne, and eczema. Some dermatologists perform cosmetic procedures like injectables and laser treatments. Plastic surgeons have more extensive surgical training and perform complex reconstructive and surgical procedures. For skin cancer, dermatologists often perform Mohs surgery while plastic surgeons perform the subsequent reconstruction.
Plastic Surgeon vs. General Surgeon
General surgeons perform a wide range of abdominal, breast, and other surgeries. Plastic surgeons have specialized training in reconstructive techniques, wound healing, and aesthetic principles. For breast cancer, general surgeons often perform mastectomy while plastic surgeons perform breast reconstruction. Plastic surgeons have additional training in cosmetic procedures and complex tissue transfer.
Plastic Surgeon vs. Orthopedic Surgeon
Orthopedic surgeons focus on bones, joints, and the musculoskeletal system. Both specialties treat hand conditions - orthopedic hand surgeons focus on bone and joint problems while plastic surgeon hand specialists emphasize soft tissue, nerve, and complex reconstruction. For hand injuries, either may be appropriate depending on the nature of the injury.
Plastic Surgeon vs. Otolaryngologist (ENT)
ENT surgeons specialize in ear, nose, throat, and neck conditions. Both specialties perform facial surgery - ENT surgeons may focus on functional nasal surgery and head/neck cancer, while plastic surgeons emphasize aesthetic rhinoplasty and facial reconstruction. Some complex cases benefit from collaboration between both specialties.
Plastic Surgeon vs. Breast Surgeon
Breast surgeons (surgical oncologists) specialize in surgical treatment of breast cancer including mastectomy and lumpectomy. Plastic surgeons perform breast reconstruction after cancer surgery. Many breast cancer patients work with both specialists - the breast surgeon removes the cancer and the plastic surgeon reconstructs the breast, sometimes in a coordinated single operation.
Not sure which specialist you need?
Your primary care physician can help determine the right specialist for your condition and provide a referral if needed.
Sources & References
Information about plastic surgeons is sourced from peer-reviewed medical literature and authoritative organizations.
Last updated: March 2026
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Frequently Asked Questions
Common questions about plastic and reconstructive surgeons
What is the difference between reconstructive and cosmetic plastic surgery?
Reconstructive surgery restores form and function to areas affected by congenital defects, trauma, cancer, or disease. Examples include breast reconstruction after mastectomy, hand surgery for carpal tunnel, and cleft palate repair. Cosmetic surgery is elective and performed to enhance normal appearance, such as facelifts, breast augmentation, and liposuction. Reconstructive procedures are typically covered by insurance when medically necessary, while cosmetic procedures are not covered.
How do I know if I'm a good candidate for plastic surgery?
Good candidates for plastic surgery are generally healthy non-smokers with realistic expectations about outcomes. For reconstructive surgery, candidacy depends on your specific condition and treatment needs. For cosmetic surgery, physical health, psychological stability, and understanding of risks and recovery are important factors. During consultation, your plastic surgeon will evaluate your health, discuss your goals, and determine if surgery is appropriate for you.
What is the recovery time for plastic surgery procedures?
Recovery varies significantly by procedure. Minor procedures like carpal tunnel release may require only 2-4 weeks of modified activity. Breast augmentation typically requires 2-4 weeks before returning to normal activities. Major procedures like abdominoplasty or free flap reconstruction may require 4-8 weeks of recovery. Your surgeon will provide specific guidelines based on your procedure and individual healing.
Are plastic surgery results permanent?
Results vary by procedure. Reconstructive results such as breast reconstruction are generally long-lasting. Some cosmetic results are affected by aging - facelifts may last 7-10 years before revision is considered. Breast implants may need replacement every 10-15 years. Body contouring results can be maintained with stable weight. Your surgeon will discuss expected longevity of results for your specific procedure.
What is the difference between a plastic surgeon and a cosmetic surgeon?
Plastic surgeon is a specific designation requiring completion of an ACGME-accredited plastic surgery residency and board certification by the American Board of Plastic Surgery. Cosmetic surgeon is not a recognized medical specialty - any physician can use this title regardless of training. Board-certified plastic surgeons have extensive training in both reconstructive and cosmetic procedures, wound healing, and surgical safety. Always verify your surgeon's credentials through the American Board of Medical Specialties.
Medical disclaimer: This content is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider with questions about a medical condition. If you have a medical emergency, call 911. Our editorial standards