Top 25 Otolaryngologists Across the US
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What is an Otolaryngologist (ENT)?
Learn about this specialty, training requirements, and when to schedule a visit.
An otolaryngologist, commonly known as an ENT (ear, nose, and throat) doctor, is a physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and managing disorders of the ear, nose, throat, and related structures of the head and neck. These specialists have extensive training in both medical and surgical treatments for conditions ranging from chronic sinusitis and hearing loss to head and neck cancers. Otolaryngologists treat patients of all ages and address conditions that affect hearing, balance, breathing, swallowing, voice, smell, taste, and facial appearance.
Training and Qualifications
Becoming an otolaryngologist (ent) requires extensive education and training:
- 4 years of medical school to earn an MD or DO degree
- 5 years of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery residency training
- Total of 9+ years of training beyond a bachelor's degree
- Some otolaryngologists pursue additional 1-2 year fellowships in subspecialties like pediatric ENT, otology/neurotology, rhinology, laryngology, head and neck oncology, or facial plastic surgery
- Extensive surgical training including hundreds of supervised procedures during residency
Board Certification: American Board of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (ABOHNS). The certification exam requires completion of an accredited residency program and passing both written and oral examinations. Board certification must be maintained through ongoing education, quality improvement activities, and periodic recertification every 10 years.
When Should You See an Otolaryngologist (ENT)?
You should consider seeing an otolaryngologist (ent) if:
- You have chronic or recurring sinus infections that don't respond to treatment
- You experience persistent hearing loss or ringing in the ears (tinnitus)
- You have difficulty swallowing or a persistent feeling of something stuck in your throat
- You experience frequent nosebleeds that are difficult to control
- You have recurring ear infections or persistent ear pain
- You snore heavily or have been told you stop breathing during sleep (sleep apnea)
- You have a hoarse voice lasting more than 2-3 weeks
- You notice a lump or mass in your neck, throat, or around your ear
- You have persistent dizziness, vertigo, or balance problems
- You have a thyroid nodule or goiter requiring evaluation
- Your primary care doctor recommends ENT evaluation
Key Facts
Common Conditions Treated
Otolaryngologists are trained to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions. Here are some of the most common conditions that otolaryngologists help patients manage.
Chronic Sinusitis
Inflammation of the sinuses lasting 12 weeks or longer despite treatment attempts. Can be caused by infection, allergies, nasal polyps, or structural abnormalities. Affects approximately 30 million Americans annually.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Otolaryngologists diagnose sinusitis through examination, nasal endoscopy, and CT imaging. Treatment includes medications (antibiotics, steroids, antihistamines), nasal irrigation, and when necessary, endoscopic sinus surgery to improve drainage and remove polyps or other obstructions.
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils, usually caused by viral or bacterial infection. Can be acute (short-term) or chronic/recurrent, particularly common in children but can occur at any age.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Otolaryngologists evaluate recurrent or severe tonsillitis, perform cultures to identify bacterial causes, and determine when surgery is appropriate. Tonsillectomy may be recommended for frequent infections (7+ episodes in one year, or 5+ per year for two years) or complications like peritonsillar abscess.
Hearing Loss
Partial or complete inability to hear sounds in one or both ears. Can be conductive (outer/middle ear problems), sensorineural (inner ear or nerve damage), or mixed. May occur gradually or suddenly.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Otolaryngologists perform comprehensive hearing evaluations including audiometry, assess causes of hearing loss, and develop treatment plans. Options may include earwax removal, treating infections, hearing aids, cochlear implants, or surgical correction of middle ear problems.
Sleep Apnea
A sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), caused by throat muscle relaxation blocking the airway, is the most common type. Affects an estimated 25 million American adults.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Otolaryngologists evaluate the upper airway for anatomical causes of obstruction, coordinate sleep studies, and offer various treatments including CPAP therapy, oral appliances, and surgical options such as uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), septoplasty, turbinate reduction, or newer procedures like Inspire therapy.
Head and Neck Cancer
Cancers that develop in the mouth, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), salivary glands, nasal cavity, sinuses, or other head and neck structures. Risk factors include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and HPV infection.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Otolaryngologists specialize in diagnosing head and neck cancers through examination, endoscopy, imaging, and biopsy. Treatment is often multidisciplinary and may include surgery (tumor removal, reconstructive procedures), coordination with radiation oncology and medical oncology, and rehabilitation of speech and swallowing.
Thyroid Nodules
Solid or fluid-filled lumps that form within the thyroid gland in the neck. Most are benign (non-cancerous), but a small percentage are malignant. Very common, affecting up to 50% of people by age 60.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Otolaryngologists evaluate thyroid nodules through ultrasound imaging, fine needle aspiration biopsy, and thyroid function tests. They perform thyroid surgery (thyroidectomy or lobectomy) when nodules are suspicious for cancer, cause compressive symptoms, or produce excess thyroid hormone.
Deviated Septum
A condition where the nasal septum (the thin wall between the nasal passages) is displaced to one side, making one nasal passage smaller. Can be present from birth or result from injury. Estimated to affect up to 80% of people to some degree.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Otolaryngologists diagnose deviated septum through examination and nasal endoscopy. Treatment options include medications to manage symptoms (decongestants, antihistamines, nasal steroids) and septoplasty surgery to straighten the septum for patients with significant obstruction or complications.
Vertigo and Balance Disorders
Conditions affecting the vestibular system (inner ear and brain connections that control balance), causing sensations of spinning, dizziness, or imbalance. Common causes include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), Meniere's disease, and vestibular neuritis.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Otolaryngologists specializing in otology/neurotology diagnose vestibular disorders through comprehensive testing including electronystagmography (ENG), videonystagmography (VNG), and hearing tests. Treatment varies by cause and may include repositioning maneuvers for BPPV, medications, vestibular rehabilitation therapy, or surgery for severe cases.
Voice Disorders (Dysphonia)
Conditions affecting voice quality, pitch, or loudness. Can result from vocal cord nodules, polyps, paralysis, acid reflux damage, or neurological conditions. Common in professional voice users (singers, teachers, speakers).
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Otolaryngologists (particularly laryngologists) evaluate voice disorders using laryngoscopy to visualize the vocal cords. Treatment may include voice therapy with speech pathologists, medications for reflux, and surgical procedures to remove nodules or polyps, inject vocal cords for paralysis, or treat other structural problems.
Ear Infections (Otitis Media and Otitis Externa)
Infections of the middle ear (otitis media) or outer ear canal (otitis externa/swimmer's ear). Middle ear infections are especially common in children due to shorter, more horizontal Eustachian tubes.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Otolaryngologists treat complicated, recurrent, or chronic ear infections. For recurrent middle ear infections in children, ear tube placement (myringotomy with tube insertion) may be recommended to improve ventilation and prevent fluid buildup. Treatment also includes antibiotics, ear drops, and management of underlying conditions.
Important Note
This list represents common conditions but is not exhaustive. Otolaryngologists treat many other conditions related to their specialty. If you're experiencing symptoms or have concerns, consult with a qualified otolaryngologist (ent) for a proper evaluation.
What to Expect During Your Visit
Understanding what happens during your appointment can help you feel more prepared. Here's what you can typically expect when visiting an otolaryngologist (ent).
Your First Visit
- Comprehensive medical history including current symptoms, duration, previous treatments, allergies, medications, and relevant family history
- Review of any previous test results, imaging studies, or treatments from other providers
- Detailed head and neck examination including ears, nose, throat, neck, and facial structures
- Nasal endoscopy - a thin flexible scope inserted through the nose to visualize nasal passages, sinuses, and throat structures
- Otoscopic examination of the ear canals and eardrums
- Hearing test (audiometry) if hearing loss is a concern
- Discussion of symptoms, their impact on daily life, and treatment goals
- First ENT visit typically lasts 30-60 minutes depending on complexity
Diagnosis & Testing
- Nasal endoscopy: Flexible or rigid scope examination of nasal passages, sinuses, and throat to visualize structures and identify abnormalities
- Audiometry: Comprehensive hearing test measuring ability to hear sounds at different volumes and pitches
- Tympanometry: Test measuring middle ear function and eardrum movement
- CT scan: Detailed imaging of sinuses, temporal bone, or head and neck structures
- MRI scan: Soft tissue imaging for tumors, vestibular disorders, or detailed evaluation of inner ear
- Laryngoscopy: Visualization of the voice box (larynx) and vocal cords using a scope
- Vestibular testing: ENG/VNG and other balance function tests for dizziness evaluation
- Fine needle aspiration: Biopsy of thyroid nodules or neck masses to evaluate for cancer
- Sleep study (polysomnography): Overnight monitoring to diagnose sleep apnea
Treatment Options
- Medical management: Antibiotics for infections, steroids for inflammation, antihistamines for allergies, acid-suppressing medications for reflux-related conditions
- Nasal therapies: Saline irrigation, nasal steroid sprays, allergy immunotherapy
- Hearing rehabilitation: Hearing aids, cochlear implants, bone-anchored hearing devices
- Sleep apnea treatment: CPAP therapy, oral appliances, surgical options including UPPP, septoplasty, or Inspire device
- Endoscopic sinus surgery: Minimally invasive surgery to improve sinus drainage and remove polyps
- Ear surgery: Myringotomy with tube placement, tympanoplasty (eardrum repair), mastoidectomy, stapedectomy
- Thyroid surgery: Thyroidectomy or lobectomy for thyroid nodules or cancer
- Head and neck cancer surgery: Tumor removal with possible reconstruction, neck dissection for lymph node involvement
- Voice therapy: Collaboration with speech-language pathologists for vocal rehabilitation
- Vestibular rehabilitation: Physical therapy exercises to improve balance and reduce dizziness
Tip for Your Visit
Bring a list of current medications, previous test results, and questions you want to ask. Writing down your symptoms—when they occur and what affects them—helps your otolaryngologist (ent) provide accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.
How to Choose the Right Otolaryngologist (ENT)
Finding the right healthcare provider is important for your health and peace of mind. Here are key factors to consider when selecting an otolaryngologist (ent).
Credentials to Verify
- Board certified by the American Board of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (ABOHNS)
- Completed accredited residency training in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery (5 years)
- Active, unrestricted medical license in your state
- Fellowship training in relevant subspecialty if needed (otology, rhinology, laryngology, head and neck oncology, pediatric ENT, facial plastic surgery)
- Hospital privileges at reputable medical centers for surgical procedures
- Member of professional organizations like American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS)
Important Considerations
- Subspecialty expertise matching your condition (rhinologist for sinus problems, otologist for ear/hearing issues, laryngologist for voice problems, head and neck surgeon for cancer)
- Surgical experience and volume for the specific procedure you may need
- Hospital or surgery center affiliation and quality - look for centers with advanced ENT capabilities
- Accepts your insurance plan and is in-network
- Office location and accessibility for regular visits and post-operative care
- Availability for urgent issues and emergency coverage arrangements
- Communication style and willingness to explain options thoroughly
- Access to advanced diagnostic equipment (CT scanner, audiometry, video endoscopy)
- Coordination with other specialists (audiologists, speech pathologists, oncologists, allergists)
- Patient reviews and recommendations from other patients or referring physicians
Quick Tip
Don't hesitate to schedule consultations with multiple otolaryngologist (ent)s before making your decision. The right fit isn't just about credentials—it's also about feeling comfortable and confident in your care.
Cost and Insurance Information
Understanding the costs associated with seeing an otolaryngologist (ent) can help you plan for your healthcare needs.
Average Costs (Without Insurance)
Initial Visit
$150-$350
Follow-up Visit
$75-$200
Common Procedures
Note: These are estimated average costs and can vary based on location, provider, and specific services required.
Insurance Coverage
- Most health insurance plans cover ENT visits with specialist copay (typically $30-$75)
- Diagnostic tests like hearing tests and CT scans are usually covered when medically necessary
- Surgical procedures often require pre-authorization from insurance
- Hearing aids are often NOT covered by traditional medical insurance, though some plans offer partial coverage
- Cochlear implants are typically covered when medically necessary for severe hearing loss
- Cosmetic procedures (rhinoplasty for appearance only) are not covered by insurance
- Many plans require referral from primary care physician for specialist coverage
- Out-of-network ENT doctors may have significantly higher out-of-pocket costs
- Sleep studies and CPAP equipment usually require pre-authorization
Medicare Information
Medicare Part B covers medically necessary ENT visits, diagnostic tests, and procedures. Medicare typically covers 80% of approved costs after the Part B deductible is met. Hearing tests are covered when ordered by a physician to diagnose a medical condition, but routine hearing exams and hearing aids are generally NOT covered by Original Medicare. Medicare Advantage plans may offer additional hearing benefits.
Money-Saving Tips
- 1Always verify your otolaryngologist (ent) is in-network before scheduling
- 2Ask about self-pay discounts if you don't have insurance
- 3Inquire about payment plans for expensive procedures
- 4Get prior authorization when required to avoid claim denials
- 5Use FSA or HSA funds for eligible medical expenses
Questions to Ask Your Otolaryngologist (ENT)
Being prepared for your appointment helps you get the most out of your time with your doctor. Here are important questions to consider asking an otolaryngologist (ent).
What is causing my symptoms, and what are all the possible diagnoses you're considering?
What diagnostic tests do you recommend, and what will they tell us?
What are all my treatment options, including non-surgical approaches?
If surgery is recommended, what does the procedure involve and what are the success rates and potential complications?
How many times have you performed this specific procedure, and what are your outcomes?
What should I expect during recovery, and how long until I can return to normal activities?
What symptoms should prompt me to seek immediate care versus waiting for a scheduled appointment?
Are there lifestyle changes or home remedies that can help manage my condition?
Will I need ongoing treatment or follow-up, and how often?
If hearing aids or devices are recommended, what are my options and costs?
Pro Tip
Write down your questions before your appointment and bring them with you. Don't hesitate to take notes during your visit or ask for written instructions.
When to Seek Emergency Care
Know when symptoms require immediate attention versus a scheduled appointment.
While most conditions can wait for a scheduled appointment with a otolaryngologist (ent), certain symptoms require immediate emergency care. Go to the emergency room or call 911 if you experience:
- Sudden severe difficulty breathing or airway obstruction - this is a medical emergency requiring immediate 911 call
- Severe bleeding from the nose that cannot be controlled with direct pressure for 20 minutes
- Sudden severe swelling of the face, lips, or throat (may indicate anaphylaxis or angioedema)
- Signs of peritonsillar abscess: severe sore throat with inability to swallow, muffled voice, drooling, trismus (difficulty opening mouth)
- Sudden complete hearing loss in one or both ears - requires urgent evaluation within 24-72 hours for best outcomes
- Severe vertigo with inability to stand, vomiting, or neurological symptoms (slurred speech, weakness, numbness)
- Foreign body lodged in airway causing choking or difficulty breathing
- Signs of neck infection (deep space infection): fever, severe neck pain and swelling, difficulty breathing or swallowing
- Facial trauma with suspected facial bone fractures, eye injury, or severe lacerations
EMERGENCY
Call 911 or nearest ER
URGENT
Doctor or urgent care
NON-URGENT
Regular appointment
Otolaryngologist (ENT) vs. Other Specialists
Understanding the differences between medical specialists helps you choose the right provider for your needs.
Otolaryngologist (ENT) vs. Allergist-Immunologist
An allergist-immunologist specializes in diagnosing and treating allergies, asthma, and immune system disorders. While allergists treat nasal allergies and can perform allergy testing and immunotherapy, they do not perform surgery. An otolaryngologist can also treat allergy-related sinus problems and performs surgical interventions when needed. Patients with complex sinus disease often benefit from coordinated care between both specialists.
Otolaryngologist (ENT) vs. Audiologist
An audiologist is a doctor of audiology (Au.D.) who specializes in evaluating hearing, fitting hearing aids, and providing hearing rehabilitation. An otolaryngologist is a medical doctor (MD/DO) who can diagnose the medical causes of hearing loss, prescribe medications, and perform ear surgery. They often work together - the otolaryngologist diagnoses and treats medical/surgical conditions, while the audiologist provides hearing tests and hearing aid services.
Otolaryngologist (ENT) vs. Pulmonologist
A pulmonologist specializes in diseases of the lungs and respiratory system, while an otolaryngologist focuses on the upper airway (nose, throat, voice box). For conditions like sleep apnea, both may be involved - the pulmonologist managing lung conditions and CPAP therapy, while the ENT evaluates the upper airway anatomy and performs surgical interventions if needed.
Otolaryngologist (ENT) vs. Neurologist
A neurologist specializes in disorders of the brain and nervous system, while an otolaryngologist focuses on ear, nose, throat, and head/neck structures. For conditions like vertigo and dizziness, both specialists may be consulted - the ENT evaluates inner ear causes (BPPV, Meniere's disease), while the neurologist evaluates central nervous system causes (migraine, stroke, multiple sclerosis).
Not sure which specialist you need?
Your primary care physician can help determine the right specialist for your condition and provide a referral if needed.
Sources & References
Information about otolaryngologist (ent)s is sourced from peer-reviewed medical literature and authoritative organizations.
Last updated: March 2026
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Frequently Asked Questions
Common questions about otolaryngologists
What is the difference between an ENT and an otolaryngologist?
ENT and otolaryngologist refer to the same specialist - a physician who specializes in conditions of the ear, nose, throat, and related structures of the head and neck. 'ENT' is simply an abbreviation for 'ear, nose, and throat,' while 'otolaryngologist' is the official medical term derived from Greek (otos = ear, larynx = throat, logos = study). Both terms are used interchangeably, with 'ENT doctor' being more commonly used by patients and 'otolaryngologist' used in medical settings.
Do I need a referral to see an ENT specialist?
It depends on your insurance plan. HMO plans typically require a referral from your primary care physician to see an ENT for coverage. PPO and POS plans often allow you to see specialists without a referral, though copays may be lower with a referral. Medicare doesn't require referrals for specialists. Even if not required, getting a referral can be helpful as your primary doctor can share relevant medical records and treatment history with the ENT.
How do I know if I need to see an ENT versus my regular doctor?
See your primary care doctor first for initial evaluation of common symptoms like sore throat, ear pain, or nasal congestion. You should see an ENT specialist if: symptoms persist despite treatment, you have recurrent infections, you experience hearing loss, you have difficulty swallowing, you notice a lump in your neck or throat, you have persistent voice changes, you have severe snoring or sleep apnea symptoms, or if your primary care doctor recommends specialist evaluation.
What happens during a nasal endoscopy? Is it painful?
During a nasal endoscopy, the ENT inserts a thin, flexible scope through your nostril to visualize your nasal passages, sinuses, and throat. The procedure takes just a few minutes and is typically well-tolerated. Before the procedure, a topical anesthetic spray is applied to numb your nose, which minimizes discomfort. You may feel pressure or a tickling sensation, and your eyes may water, but significant pain is uncommon. The procedure allows the doctor to see areas that cannot be viewed during a standard examination.
When should I consider surgery for chronic sinus problems?
Sinus surgery is typically considered when chronic sinusitis symptoms persist despite adequate medical treatment (usually 3+ months of medications including antibiotics, nasal steroids, and saline irrigation), when you have nasal polyps blocking your sinuses, when you have structural abnormalities preventing proper drainage, or when complications occur. Your ENT will typically try conservative treatments first and recommend surgery when the benefits outweigh the risks. Modern endoscopic sinus surgery is minimally invasive with relatively quick recovery times.
Can an ENT help with snoring and sleep apnea?
Yes, ENT doctors are experts in evaluating and treating snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). They examine your upper airway to identify anatomical causes of obstruction and can offer various treatments. Options may include CPAP therapy (which remains the gold standard), oral appliances, lifestyle modifications, and surgical procedures such as septoplasty, turbinate reduction, UPPP (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty), tonsillectomy, or newer treatments like Inspire hypoglossal nerve stimulation. The best treatment depends on the severity of your sleep apnea and the specific anatomy of your airway.
What should I expect after ear tube surgery for my child?
Ear tube surgery (myringotomy with tube placement) is one of the most common childhood surgeries and is typically quick (about 10-15 minutes) with rapid recovery. After surgery, your child may experience mild ear drainage, slight fussiness, or temporary dizziness. Most children can return to normal activities the same day or next day. You'll need to keep water out of your child's ears during bathing and swimming (ear plugs or cotton balls with petroleum jelly are helpful). The tubes typically fall out on their own within 6-18 months. Follow-up hearing tests will confirm improvement.
How do I know if a thyroid nodule is cancerous?
Most thyroid nodules are benign (non-cancerous) - only about 5-15% are malignant. Your ENT will evaluate nodules using ultrasound imaging, which can identify features that suggest higher risk (irregular borders, microcalcifications, increased blood flow). Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is the definitive test, where a small needle withdraws cells from the nodule for microscopic examination. Based on these results, your doctor will recommend observation, repeat testing, or surgery. Even when thyroid cancer is diagnosed, most types are highly treatable with excellent outcomes.
What causes recurring ear infections in adults?
While ear infections are more common in children, adults can also experience them. Common causes include Eustachian tube dysfunction (poor drainage due to allergies, sinus problems, or anatomical issues), chronic sinusitis, acid reflux affecting the Eustachian tube, weakened immune system, exposure to cigarette smoke, swimming in contaminated water (otitis externa), or skin conditions affecting the ear canal. Your ENT will identify the underlying cause and develop a treatment plan that may include medications, allergy management, or occasionally surgery to improve Eustachian tube function.
Can ENT doctors treat dizziness and vertigo?
Yes, many causes of dizziness and vertigo originate in the inner ear, making ENT doctors (especially otologists/neurotologists) well-suited to diagnose and treat these conditions. Common causes include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), which can often be treated with repositioning maneuvers in the office; Meniere's disease; vestibular neuritis; and acoustic neuroma. Your ENT will perform specialized balance testing and hearing evaluation to determine the cause and recommend appropriate treatment, which may include repositioning maneuvers, medications, vestibular rehabilitation therapy, or surgery in some cases.
Medical disclaimer: This content is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider with questions about a medical condition. If you have a medical emergency, call 911. Our editorial standards