Top 25 Orthodontist Across the US
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What is an Orthodontist?
Learn about this specialty, training requirements, and when to schedule a visit.
An orthodontist is a dental specialist who focuses on diagnosing, preventing, and correcting misaligned teeth and jaws. After completing dental school, orthodontists undergo an additional 2-3 years of specialized residency training in orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. They are experts in moving teeth, guiding facial development, and correcting bite problems using braces, clear aligners (such as Invisalign), retainers, and other specialized appliances. Orthodontists treat patients of all ages, from children as young as 7 years old through adults, addressing both functional issues like difficulty chewing or speaking and aesthetic concerns about smile appearance. Their treatment improves not only the alignment of teeth but also overall oral health, as properly aligned teeth are easier to clean and less prone to decay and gum disease.
Training and Qualifications
Becoming an orthodontist requires extensive education and training:
- 4 years of undergraduate education with prerequisite science courses
- 4 years of dental school to earn a Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) or Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD) degree
- 2-3 years of accredited orthodontic residency training after dental school
- Total of 10-11 years of higher education and clinical training
- Residency training includes advanced study of facial growth and development, biomechanics of tooth movement, and treatment planning
- Continuing education requirements to maintain licensure and stay current with advances in orthodontic techniques and technology
Board Certification: The American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) provides board certification for orthodontists. Certification requires completion of an accredited orthodontic residency program and passing both written and clinical examinations that assess clinical judgment and treatment expertise. Board-certified orthodontists (Diplomates of the ABO) must maintain certification through continuing education and periodic re-examination. Only about 30% of practicing orthodontists in the U.S. are board certified.
When Should You See an Orthodontist?
You should consider seeing an orthodontist if:
- Your child's dentist recommends an orthodontic evaluation (typically around age 7)
- You or your child have crooked, crowded, or overlapping teeth
- There are noticeable bite problems such as overbite, underbite, or crossbite
- Your child is losing baby teeth too early or too late
- You have difficulty chewing or biting food properly
- You experience jaw pain, clicking, or shifting related to bite misalignment
- Teeth are not meeting properly when the mouth closes
- You are an adult interested in improving your smile alignment
Key Facts
Common Conditions Treated
Orthodontists are trained to diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions. Here are some of the most common conditions that orthodontists help patients manage.
Crowded or Crooked Teeth
Dental crowding occurs when there is insufficient space in the jaw for all teeth to fit properly, causing teeth to overlap, twist, or become pushed out of alignment. This is the most common reason people seek orthodontic treatment.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Orthodontists create space through careful expansion, selective tooth extraction in severe cases, or sequential tooth movement to align teeth properly. Using braces or clear aligners, they gradually move teeth into optimal positions, improving both function and appearance while making teeth easier to clean.
Overbite (Deep Bite)
An overbite occurs when the upper front teeth excessively overlap the lower front teeth vertically. While some overbite is normal, excessive overbite can cause premature tooth wear, gum damage, and jaw pain.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Orthodontists correct overbites by intruding upper teeth, extruding lower teeth, or a combination of both. Treatment may involve braces with specific mechanics, clear aligners, or sometimes bite turbos or bite plates to open the bite and achieve proper vertical overlap.
Underbite (Class III Malocclusion)
An underbite occurs when the lower jaw extends forward, causing the lower front teeth to sit in front of the upper teeth. This can result from lower jaw overgrowth, upper jaw undergrowth, or a combination of both skeletal and dental factors.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Orthodontists treat underbites with braces or aligners to reposition teeth, often combined with elastics to guide jaw positioning. In growing children, growth modification appliances can influence jaw development. Severe skeletal underbites may require coordination with an oral surgeon for corrective jaw surgery in combination with orthodontic treatment.
Crossbite
A crossbite occurs when some upper teeth sit inside the lower teeth rather than outside when biting down. It can be anterior (front teeth) or posterior (back teeth) and affects one or both sides of the mouth.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Orthodontists correct crossbites by expanding the upper jaw using palatal expanders (especially effective in children whose jaws are still growing), combined with braces or aligners to move individual teeth into proper position. Early treatment in childhood often prevents more complex treatment later.
Open Bite
An open bite occurs when the upper and lower teeth do not meet when the mouth is closed, creating a visible gap. It can be anterior (front teeth don't touch) or posterior (back teeth don't touch) and is often associated with habits like thumb sucking or tongue thrusting.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Orthodontists treat open bites by addressing both the dental positioning and any contributing habits. Treatment includes braces or aligners with specialized mechanics, habit-breaking appliances for tongue thrust, and in severe cases, coordination with an oral surgeon for jaw surgery to close the bite.
Spacing and Gaps Between Teeth
Excessive spacing between teeth (diastema) can occur due to small teeth relative to jaw size, missing teeth, gum disease, or tongue thrusting habits. While a small gap between front teeth is sometimes considered attractive, large or multiple gaps can affect function and confidence.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Orthodontists close gaps by gradually moving teeth together using braces, clear aligners, or in minor cases, cosmetic bonding. They also address underlying causes and plan retention carefully to prevent gaps from reopening after treatment is complete.
Jaw Misalignment and TMJ-Related Bite Issues
Malocclusion (bad bite) can contribute to temporomandibular joint (TMJ) problems when teeth do not align properly, causing strain on the jaw joint and muscles. While not all TMJ problems are orthodontic in origin, bite correction can relieve symptoms in many cases.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Orthodontists evaluate how bite alignment may contribute to TMJ symptoms and create treatment plans to establish a stable, balanced bite. Treatment may include braces or aligners to reposition teeth, sometimes combined with splint therapy to stabilize the jaw before or during orthodontic treatment.
Impacted Teeth
Impacted teeth are teeth that fail to erupt properly into the mouth, becoming stuck in the bone or gum tissue. While wisdom teeth are most commonly impacted, canine teeth are the second most likely to become impacted and often require orthodontic intervention to bring them into proper alignment.
Key Symptoms
Treatment Approach
Orthodontists work with oral surgeons to treat impacted teeth. The surgeon exposes the impacted tooth and attaches an orthodontic bracket, then the orthodontist uses braces to gradually guide the tooth into its proper position in the arch. Early detection through panoramic X-rays allows for timely intervention.
Important Note
This list represents common conditions but is not exhaustive. Orthodontists treat many other conditions related to their specialty. If you're experiencing symptoms or have concerns, consult with a qualified orthodontist for a proper evaluation.
What to Expect During Your Visit
Understanding what happens during your appointment can help you feel more prepared. Here's what you can typically expect when visiting an orthodontist.
Your First Visit
- Complete medical and dental history review including any previous orthodontic treatment
- Clinical examination of teeth, bite alignment, jaw function, and facial proportions
- Digital X-rays including panoramic and cephalometric (side profile) images
- 3D digital scanning or impressions of your teeth for study models
- Photographs of your face and teeth from multiple angles
- Discussion of any concerns you have about your teeth or bite
- Preliminary assessment of treatment needs and options
- Initial consultations typically last 30-60 minutes and are often complimentary
Diagnosis & Testing
- Analysis of X-rays to evaluate tooth roots, bone levels, jaw growth, and developing teeth
- Cephalometric tracing to assess facial bone relationships and growth patterns
- Digital model analysis measuring crowding, spacing, and arch dimensions
- Bite analysis examining how upper and lower teeth meet in multiple positions
- TMJ evaluation checking for clicking, pain, or limited opening
- Assessment of facial aesthetics and how treatment will affect profile and smile
- Classification of malocclusion type (Class I, II, or III) to guide treatment planning
Treatment Options
- Customized treatment plan presentation explaining recommended approach and alternatives
- Placement of braces (brackets bonded to teeth and connected by archwires) or fitting for clear aligners
- Regular adjustment appointments every 4-8 weeks to advance treatment
- Possible use of additional appliances such as elastics, expanders, or temporary anchorage devices
- Monitoring of tooth movement and adjustment of treatment plan as needed
- Debonding appointment to remove braces when treatment goals are achieved
- Fitting of retainers with instructions for wear schedule to maintain results
Tip for Your Visit
Bring a list of current medications, previous test results, and questions you want to ask. Writing down your symptoms—when they occur and what affects them—helps your orthodontist provide accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.
How to Choose the Right Orthodontist
Finding the right healthcare provider is important for your health and peace of mind. Here are key factors to consider when selecting an orthodontist.
Credentials to Verify
- Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) or Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD) degree from an accredited dental school
- Completion of a 2-3 year accredited orthodontic residency program
- Active state dental license with specialty registration in orthodontics
- Board certification by the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) demonstrates additional commitment to excellence
- Membership in the American Association of Orthodontists (AAO) - only orthodontic specialists can be members
- Continuing education in current techniques including clear aligners and digital treatment planning
Important Considerations
- Experience treating your specific type of orthodontic problem
- Range of treatment options offered (traditional braces, ceramic braces, lingual braces, clear aligners)
- Technology used such as 3D scanning, digital treatment planning, and accelerated treatment options
- Office location, hours, and convenience for frequent adjustment appointments
- Treatment philosophy and approach to patient care
- Communication style and willingness to answer questions
- Before and after photos of similar cases
- Cost, payment plans, and insurance coordination
- Patient reviews and reputation in the community
Quick Tip
Don't hesitate to schedule consultations with multiple orthodontists before making your decision. The right fit isn't just about credentials—it's also about feeling comfortable and confident in your care.
Cost and Insurance Information
Understanding the costs associated with seeing an orthodontist can help you plan for your healthcare needs.
Average Costs (Without Insurance)
Initial Visit
$0-$250 (many orthodontists offer free initial consultations)
Follow-up Visit
Typically included in comprehensive treatment fee
Common Procedures
Note: These are estimated average costs and can vary based on location, provider, and specific services required.
Insurance Coverage
- Many dental insurance plans include orthodontic benefits, typically covering 50% up to a lifetime maximum
- Lifetime orthodontic maximums commonly range from $1,000-$3,000
- Some plans have age restrictions, limiting coverage to patients under 19 years old
- Orthodontic benefits are often separate from general dental benefits with their own deductible
- Pre-authorization is typically required before beginning treatment
- Flexible spending accounts (FSA) and health savings accounts (HSA) can be used for orthodontic expenses
- Most orthodontists offer in-house payment plans with little or no interest
Medicare Information
Original Medicare (Parts A and B) does not cover orthodontic treatment, as it is considered dental care. Some Medicare Advantage plans may include limited dental benefits that could apply to orthodontic treatment, but coverage varies significantly by plan. Adult patients typically pay out-of-pocket or use supplemental dental insurance with orthodontic benefits.
Money-Saving Tips
- 1Always verify your orthodontist is in-network before scheduling
- 2Ask about self-pay discounts if you don't have insurance
- 3Inquire about payment plans for expensive procedures
- 4Get prior authorization when required to avoid claim denials
- 5Use FSA or HSA funds for eligible medical expenses
Questions to Ask Your Orthodontist
Being prepared for your appointment helps you get the most out of your time with your doctor. Here are important questions to consider asking an orthodontist.
What is wrong with my bite and what problems could it cause if left untreated?
What treatment options would work for my case, and what do you recommend and why?
How long will my treatment take and how often will I need appointments?
What will my total cost be and what payment options do you offer?
Are you board certified by the American Board of Orthodontics?
What happens if I am not satisfied with my results at the end of treatment?
What types of retainers do you recommend and what is the retention protocol?
Are there any accelerated treatment options available for my case?
What dietary restrictions will I have during treatment?
How will you handle any complications or emergencies during treatment?
Can I see before and after photos of patients with similar issues to mine?
Pro Tip
Write down your questions before your appointment and bring them with you. Don't hesitate to take notes during your visit or ask for written instructions.
When to Seek Emergency Care
Know when symptoms require immediate attention versus a scheduled appointment.
While most conditions can wait for a scheduled appointment with a orthodontist, certain symptoms require immediate emergency care. Go to the emergency room or call 911 if you experience:
- Severe, worsening pain not relieved by over-the-counter pain medication - may indicate tooth root damage or other complication
- Loose bracket or wire poking into cheek or gum causing injury - use orthodontic wax and contact your orthodontist
- Swelling or infection around braces or teeth - may indicate abscess requiring prompt treatment
- Broken appliance such as an expander that has come loose - contact your orthodontist immediately
- Trauma to face or mouth while wearing braces - teeth may shift or brackets may be damaged, requiring urgent evaluation
- Difficulty breathing or swallowing after placing new aligners or appliances - seek immediate medical attention
EMERGENCY
Call 911 or nearest ER
URGENT
Doctor or urgent care
NON-URGENT
Regular appointment
Orthodontist vs. Other Specialists
Understanding the differences between medical specialists helps you choose the right provider for your needs.
Orthodontist vs. General Dentist
A general dentist provides comprehensive oral healthcare including cleanings, fillings, crowns, and preventive care. An orthodontist is a dental specialist with 2-3 years of additional training focused exclusively on diagnosing and correcting misaligned teeth and jaws using braces, clear aligners, and other appliances. While some general dentists offer limited orthodontic services like clear aligners, orthodontists handle all complexity levels and have specialized training in facial growth, tooth movement biomechanics, and bite correction.
Orthodontist vs. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon
Orthodontists move teeth using braces and aligners over time, while oral surgeons perform surgical procedures on the jaws and face. These specialists often work together: orthodontists may refer patients to oral surgeons for extractions of impacted teeth, exposure of impacted canines for orthodontic traction, or corrective jaw surgery (orthognathic surgery) for severe bite problems that cannot be corrected with braces alone. The orthodontist then completes tooth alignment before and after surgical intervention.
Orthodontist vs. Periodontist
Orthodontists focus on moving teeth and correcting bite alignment, while periodontists specialize in treating gum disease and the supporting structures of teeth. Adults considering orthodontic treatment, especially those with a history of gum disease, often need periodontal evaluation and treatment before or during orthodontics. Healthy gums are essential for safe tooth movement, and orthodontists coordinate with periodontists to ensure treatment proceeds safely.
Not sure which specialist you need?
Your primary care physician can help determine the right specialist for your condition and provide a referral if needed.
Sources & References
Information about orthodontists is sourced from peer-reviewed medical literature and authoritative organizations.
Last updated: March 2026
Read our editorial standardsFrequently Asked Questions
Common questions about orthodontist
What is the best age to get braces?
The American Association of Orthodontists recommends children have their first orthodontic evaluation by age 7, when a mix of baby and permanent teeth allows orthodontists to spot developing problems. However, the best age for treatment varies by individual. Some children benefit from early intervention (Phase 1 treatment) between ages 7-10 to guide jaw growth or create space for erupting teeth. Most comprehensive treatment with braces begins between ages 11-14 when most permanent teeth have erupted. Adults can get braces at any age - orthodontic treatment works well throughout life, though adult treatment may take slightly longer as bone is denser.
How long does orthodontic treatment take?
Treatment duration varies based on the complexity of your case, your age, the treatment method used, and how well you follow your orthodontist's instructions. Average treatment times are 12-18 months for mild cases, 18-24 months for moderate cases, and 24-36 months for complex cases. Factors that can extend treatment include severe crowding, significant bite problems, and poor compliance with wearing elastics or aligners as prescribed. Some accelerated treatment options using devices like Propel or AcceleDent can reduce treatment time by up to 50% in some cases.
Are clear aligners like Invisalign as effective as traditional braces?
Clear aligners have advanced significantly and can now treat approximately 90% of orthodontic cases that braces can treat. They are highly effective for mild to moderate crowding, spacing, and many bite issues. However, traditional braces may still be preferred for complex cases including severe bite problems, significant tooth rotations, or cases requiring precise vertical tooth movement. Clear aligners require excellent patient compliance - they must be worn 20-22 hours per day to be effective. Your orthodontist will recommend the best option based on your specific needs, lifestyle, and treatment goals.
Do braces hurt?
Braces should not be painful, but you will experience some discomfort. When braces are first placed, you may feel pressure and general soreness for 3-5 days as your teeth begin to move. This discomfort returns for 1-2 days after each adjustment appointment. Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen can help, as can eating soft foods during adjustment periods. The brackets themselves may initially irritate your cheeks and lips, but orthodontic wax provides relief while your mouth adapts. Most patients find the discomfort very manageable and say it decreases significantly after the first few weeks.
Will I need to wear a retainer after treatment?
Yes, retainers are essential for maintaining your results. Teeth have a tendency to shift back toward their original positions, especially in the first year after braces are removed. Most orthodontists recommend wearing retainers full-time for the first 3-6 months, then transitioning to nighttime wear indefinitely. Some patients receive permanent (bonded) retainers - thin wires attached to the back of the front teeth - which provide continuous retention without requiring daily compliance. Failing to wear retainers as prescribed is the most common cause of orthodontic relapse.
What is the difference between an orthodontist and a dentist who offers braces?
While general dentists may offer some orthodontic treatments like clear aligners, orthodontists are specialists who have completed 2-3 additional years of residency training focused exclusively on moving teeth and aligning jaws. Orthodontists see only orthodontic patients and treat complex cases daily, giving them extensive experience. They are trained in all treatment options and can handle complications. Only orthodontists can be members of the American Association of Orthodontists. For straightforward cases, a dentist with orthodontic training may be appropriate, but for complex cases or growing children, an orthodontic specialist is recommended.
Can adults get braces?
Absolutely! About 25% of orthodontic patients today are adults. There is no age limit for orthodontic treatment - healthy teeth can be moved at any age. Adults often choose less visible options like ceramic braces, lingual braces, or clear aligners. Adult treatment may take slightly longer than treatment for teenagers because adult bone is denser, but the results are equally successful. Many adults who could not get orthodontic treatment as children are now achieving the smiles they always wanted. Some considerations for adults include existing dental work, gum health, and in some cases, coordination with jaw surgery for severe bite issues.
Medical disclaimer: This content is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider with questions about a medical condition. If you have a medical emergency, call 911. Our editorial standards